The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in an unprecedented public health crisis. …

The 501Y.V2 variants of SARS-CoV-2 containing multiple mutations in spike are now dominant
in South Africa and are rapidly spreading to other countries. Here, experiments with 18 …

… (Xie and Wang, 1994b). The stoichiometric coefficients for cell mass, 0 cm, (i stands for glc,
gln, and non-essential amino acids) and BATe were also defined in our previous model (Xie …

In face of the everlasting battle toward COVID-19 and the rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2,
no specific and effective drugs for treating this disease have been reported until today. …

… (Xie and Wang, 1994a,c). The composition of the initial medium (Table I) is similar to the one
used in our previous experiments (Xie … described in detail elsewhere (Xie and Wang, 1994a-…

In animal cell cultivation, cell density and product concentration are often low due to the
accumulation of toxic end‐products such as ammonia and lactate and/or the depletion of …

Animal cell cultivation in vitro has been studied for more than 40 years. However, the culture
medium composition has not been designed on the basis of the stoichiometric nutritional …

Passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is an efficacious treatment for
Ebola virus (EBOV) infections in animal models and humans. Understanding what constitutes …

Lactate and ammonia are the two major waste products formed during mammalian cell growth.
Accumulation of these side products can have a negative effect on cell growth, and has …

Pluronic F‐68 (PF‐68) is routinely used as a shear‐protection additive in mammalian cell
cultures. However, most previous studies of its shear protection mechanisms have typically …